I came across a tree with a hole in it while hiking in the Ouachita National Forest in Arkansas last December. I spend most of the winter hiking in this forest, so I get to see many interesting trees.
Large holes in tree trunks can have various causes, each leaving unique clues about their origin. Here are some possibilities:
Natural Causes:
Hollowing Out: As trees grow, their inner core often dies and decomposes, creating a hollow space. Over time, this hollow can reach the surface, forming a hole. Signs of a natural hollow include smooth edges, a lack of splinters, and the presence of decayed wood debris.
Fungal Decay: Wood-decaying fungi can weaken and consume wood, eventually creating large cavities. Look for signs such as fungal fruiting bodies (mushrooms) on the trunk, soft or discolored wood around the hole, and uneven edges.
Animal Activity: Woodpeckers and other large birds may excavate holes for nesting or foraging for insects. Check for signs such as pecking marks around the hole, bird droppings, or feathers.
Other Causes:
Fire: A severe fire can burn through the trunk, leaving a large hole. Look for charred wood, fire scars, and a lack of fungal or animal activity indicators.
Human Activity: People may cut holes in trees for various reasons, such as installing cables, collecting sap, or carving art. Look for clean edges, evidence of tools, and a lack of natural decay signs.